There Are More Than Five Yamas!

by Nina

Although many of us have been told that the Yoga Sutras of Patajanli is the single authoritative text on yoga, this isn’t really true. As yoga evolved over thousands of years, there were many different schools of yoga besides the school described by Patajanli (now referred to as Classical Yoga) and they differ quite a bit from each other. They can differ entirely in what the goal of practice is, what their views of what enlightenment is, and in the number of branches that yoga practice should include. And many of these other schools also had their own very influential texts! In fact, throughout the history of yoga in India, at times, some of those other texts were considered more influential than the Yoga Sutras.

One area where the various yoga texts often differ is in their lists of “yamas” (the ethical practices of yoga). There are so many more than the basic five listed in the Yoga Sutras (non-violence, truthfulness, not stealing, non-hoarding, and celibacy—see  The First Branch of Yoga: The Yamas by Ram Rao and My Most Recent Take on the Yamas by Nina Zolotow ). In fact, yoga teacher and scholar Richard Rosen shared with me a list of 150 yamas! I’m not allowed to share this list with you but it will appear in his forthcoming book from Shambhala Publications called “Yoga by the Numbers.” And a small subset of them are listed in Victor Dubin’s post Yamas and Niyamas That Are New to Us.

I personally have been very interested in some of the “other” yamas from different yoga texts for some time, probably inspired by the very moving post Forgiveness (Kshama) that Ram Rao wrote for our blog about the yama kshama (forgiveness). I concluded that we’re missing out on some valuable practices and ideas if we focus only on the 5 yamas in the Yoga Sutras.

Although since then I’ve written about a few of these “additional” yamas as has Ram and Victor Dubin, I thought today I’d introduce you to a very influential yoga text, the Yoga Yajnavalkya, and walk you through the 10 yamas that this text includes. I’m picking this list of 10 because it is my understanding that this list of 10 yamas was (and may still be) more common in India than Patajanli’s 5 yamas, and that this same list appears appears in numerous Hindu texts including the Upanishads as well as the Hatha Yoga Pradipika (the essential text on Hatha Yoga) as well as the Yoga Yajnavalkya.

In this list, I’m using the definitions from the translation of the Yoga Yajnavalkya by A.G. Mohan with Ganesh Mohan. The first four are the same as four of the yamas in the Yoga Sutras. For the other six, I’ll add some links to where you can find out more information on our blog if there is a post about this.

10 Yamas from the Yoga Yajanvalkya and Other Texts

Ahimsa: “Refraining from harming (creating suffering for) any living being, at all times, by thought, word, or deed is said to be ahimsa by yogis.”

Satya: “Satya is not merely speaking the plain truth, [but to say] that which is beneficial to all beings.”

Asteya: “According to sages who have realized the truth, absence of desire for others’ possessions is said to be asteya.”

Brahmacarya: “Renouncing sex, in thought, word, or deed, at all times, all places, in all states [of mind and body], is considered brahmacarya for those in the brahmacarya-asrama, for monks, for those committed to brahmacharya throughout their lives, and for those who are in the vanaprastha-asrama (the third stage of life when one retires to the forest). For householders, intimacy with their wives, in the prescribed period, in the proper manner, is considered brahmacharya. For everyone, serving one’s guru at all times is [also] said to be brahmacarya”

Daya: “Daya (kindness, compassion) is to be kind to all beings everywhere.” See Daya: A Yoga Practice of Compassion by Victor Dubin and a future post by Barrie Risman.

Arjava: No hypocrisy, sincerity.  Note: Mohans’ translation included this in the list but did not provide a definition]. See Arjava: Cultivating Honesty by Ram Rao  and Arjava: Integrating Integrity by Victor Dubin.

Ksama: Equality toward all things, favorable or unfavorable, is said to be ksama (forebearance, foregiveness) by scholars well versed in the Vedas. See Cultivating Forgiveness (Kshama) by Nina Zolotow and Forgiveness (Kshama) by Ram Rao

Dhrti: “When wealth is lost or gained, when one is separated from loved ones or joined with them, steadiness of mind in [such] situations is dhrti.” Comment: I meant to write about this in my forthcoming book “Yoga for Times of Change,” but, hmmm, in the end I didn’t get around to it.

Mitahara: “A monk may have eight mouthfuls of food [daily], those in vanaprastha-rama, sixteen mouthfuls, a householder thirty two, and students as much as they wish. This is mithara (controlled diet) for them, and for others [in general], it is eating less.” Comment: It was believed back then that restricting your diet could help reduce the desire for food and the pleasure in eating, which was considered to interfere with reaching a state of enlightenment. Now we know that can lead to eating disorders and other problems. Fortunately, we can all just consider ourselves “students” and eat as much as we wish.

Sauca: “Sauca (purity) is said to be of two types: external and internal. External purity [is achieved] by cleansing agents like water and [a kind of fragrant] earth (like soap). Purity of the mind is evidenced by the dharma (ethical values) the person follows and, and the internal quest for self-knowledge (spiritual search).” In the Yoga Sutras, this is one of the niyamas. See The Second Branch of Yoga: The Niyamas (Your “To Do” List) by Ram Rao for a bit of information about this niyama/yama.

If there is a yama from this list or from any other yoga text that you find particularly helpful, I’d love to hear about it so please comment on this post or send me an email via Contact Us.

 

• Follow Yoga for Healthy Aging on Facebook and follow Nina on Instagram •Pre-order Yoga for Times of Change: Practices and Meditations for Moving Through Stress, Anxiety, Grief & Life’s Transitions here. • Order Yoga for Healthy Aging: A Guide to Lifelong Well-Being here